Thoracic surgery, also known as chest surgery or cardiothoracic surgery, is a specialised surgical field that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of diseases and conditions affecting the organs and structures within the chest cavity. This includes the heart, lungs, oesophagus, trachea, pleura, diaphragm, and mediastinum. Thoracic surgeons are specially trained to perform a wide range of surgical procedures to treat conditions such as lung cancer, esophageal cancer, congenital heart defects, thoracic trauma, pleural diseases, and other conditions that affect the organs and structures in the chest cavity.