It is the branch of medicine that's concerned with the medical care of infants, children, adolescents, and young people. It is also known as paediatrics.

Paediatricians diagnose and treat many diseases, including anaemia, asthma, chickenpox, diphtheria, leukaemia, measles, mumps, pneumonia, polio, tuberculosis, whooping cough, Lyme disease, fever, down's syndrome, dental caries, cystic fibrosis, chagas disease, candidiasis, cancer, and bronchiolitis.